Water Quality for Renal Dialysis

Over 100000 renal failure patients are treated by dialysis in the European Community (EC), and the number is rapidly increasing due to better medical care. The full importance of the quality of water used for renal dialysis is only now being recognized. Aluminium intoxication, first described in the early 1970s, highlighted the need for adequate treatment of water used to prepare dialysate. Other materials harmful to dialysis patients, such as chloramines, may arise as a result of water treatment practice. The paper presents a European-wide assessment of the problems of trace contaminants in dialysis feed water, and examines some contaminant sources in mains water in the light of dialysis water standards and the current treatment techniques available.     

Upgrading of Sewerage Assets to Comply with New Legislation: A Lothian Regional Viewpoint

The EC bathing water Directive and the recent EC urban waste water treatment Directive have provided, and will continue to provide, a strong stimulus for the provision of environmental improvement through the upgrading of sewerage assets. The positive response by Lothian Regional Council to necessary improvements in the last fifteen years, and the proposed improvements in the next fifteen years, are reviewed against the background of financial constraints. It is suggested that parts of the urban waste water treatment Directive relating to estuarial and coastal discharges are not appropriate or necessary in the context of conditions in Lothian Region.     

Impact in Scotland of UK and EC Sewage Legislation

The EC Directive (91/271/EEC) concerning urban waste water treatment has far-reaching financial and technological implications for local authorities in Scotland which are responsible for sewerage. Increased capital consent limits and additional financial assistance from central government are essential if the requirements of the legislation are to be met.
Although the Directive is welcomed in general terms, the sections of the legislation dealing with the identification of sensitive waters and the provision of primary treatment for coastal discharges to less sensitive waters are of limited environmental significance in Scotland.
The elimination of sewage sludge disposal at sea will create severe difficulties for Scottish authorities as a high percentage of sewage sludge is currently disposed of at sea. Each of the main alternative disposal options presents environmental, financial and technical problems and, in the case of incineration, the certainty of widespread unpopularity with the public.     

A new approach to evaluating the toxicity and genotoxicity of disinfected drinking water

The aim of this study was to evaluate the formation of toxic and genotoxic compounds in surface drinking waters treated with two widely used disinfectants, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and chlorine dioxide (ClO(2)), and a new disinfectant, peracetic acid (PAA). For this purpose a pilot plant was set up to add these biocides continuously to pre-filtered lake water flowing into three different basins. During three seasonal experiments, short-term in vivo tests (with plant, fish and molluscs) and in vitro tests (with bacteria, yeast and human cells) were carried out to evaluate the formation of genotoxic disinfection by-products (DBPs). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to identify DBPs produced during the different treatments, microbiological analyses were performed to test the biocidal activity of the disinfectants, and chemical analyses were carried out to evaluate the quality of the water. The pilot drinking water plant under study was useful in studying the toxicity and genotoxicity of disinfected drinking water with this combined chemical/biotoxicological approach. This paper describes the setting up of the pilot plant and sets out/reports the results of the microbiological and chemical analyses.     

集中供热系统中热水供应用户的工况分析

分析集中供热管网与热水供应热用户水力或热力工况变化时的相互影响规律。     

高层钢结构节能住宅的开发和实践

文章介绍了济南百花小区1#楼的钢结构建筑设计,重点体现钢结构住宅平立面设计及与之配套的维护体系、住宅节能和钢结构防火处理措施。     

灌浆技术在雨水泵站出水口堤防防渗中的应用

主要介绍了子牙河雨水泵站出水口堤防防渗处理工程的成功例子,从岩土工程勘察、灌浆施工工艺等方面进行了阐述,其中有一些较先进的方法和技术对类似工程具有一定的实际意义。     

二次加压泵站管网余压利用节能的应用探讨

介绍了一种新型二次加压供水设备余压利用器的系统组成和工作原理,针对其五种不同工况进行了分析,指出泵站进出水量和泵站进水压力是影响节能效果的关键因素.并与传统变频供水系统和现市面上常见的管网叠压供水系统作了优势比较,说明此余压利用系统具有广阔的适用范围和应用前景.同时,用实际工程证明该设备的节能效果,并对其存在的问题加以分析.     

可注浆式橡胶止水带试验研究

本文报导采用可注浆式橡胶止水带进行防渗漏水的试验方案、步骤及数据。结果表明该试验取得预期的目的 ,有工程应用价值     

苯乙烯—丙烯酸酯类乳液在涂料中的应用与发展

本文在揭示苯丙乳液的组成、以及该组成与其性质之间关系的基础上 ,提出苯丙乳液的微粒化是实现其高功能化的重要途径。对研究中可能出现的问题提出了解决的办法 ,并进行了论证。